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1840-1854: Modified version of the Differential Machine logarithmic calculator, by Pehr Georg Scheutz (based on the never finished machine that had been projected by Charles Babbage). Tentatively built between 1834-1871 but never finished by Babbage, the machine was only known by technical drawings and by part of the printer and of the arithmetic logical unit, built after the death of Babbage. 1642-1652: Pascaline, calculator machine of pinion wheels for adding two or three numbers, up to the number 999 999, using numbering base of ten, by Blaise Pascal (1623-1662). Several of them were built. Most previous computers or calculators had been only mechanic, some had been electro-mechanic, but all of them using numbering base of ten by means of pinion wheels (in the mechanic devices), or of electric relais (in the electro-mechanic devices). Later perfected and enlarged by other mathematicians, logarithmic tables remained in common use until the 1970's, when they gradually became substituted by electronic calculators.

Assembly languages are cryptic for most novice programmers, hence that only old hands make regular use of it. Hyper links to Internet incunabula and Retrocomputing Technical note: In languages other than English or Latin, but which use mainly Latin characters, some characters are taken from other alphabets, or some Latin characters are modified with diacritic marks for representing different phonemic sounds or other orthographic conventions of those languages. Those characters, when used in this document, have been encoded as entities of Hyper Text Mark-up Language or sometimes in Unicode UTF-8. As opposed to a page (screen) editor, a line editor can only move the cursor horizontally, but not vertically (much like the COPY CON and similar commands that were later used in DOS and other operating systems of the 1970's and 1980's, or like the EDLIN text editor). These microcircuits began a kind of computers called "of third generation", which predominated from the 1960's to the 1970's. 1962: magnetic disk for memory storage. Like the IBM Personal Computer, the Osborne I had two drives for removable floppy disks of 5.25 inches, used to boot-strap the operating system and for storage (most microcomputers of those years had no fixed -hard- disk).

The Ethernet network system was in 1973 under development by Bob Metcalfe at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre, but the proliferation of local area networks or of microcomputers was not yet foreseen in late 1973, therefore the original model of Internet was based on the concept of a few national networks such as Arpanet, Packet Radio or Packet Satellite. As said, it was present in the Read Only Memory of almost all microcomputers and in many of the medium and big ones, from pocket computers made by Casio, what is billiards to giants made by IBM. 1978: microprocessor Intel 8086 of 1 Megabyte of 16 bits (used in the first IBM Personal Computer-XT). 1979: microprocessor Zilog Z-8000 of 16 Megabytes of 16 bits. Its main characteristics are: -Communication through a long chain of bytes (called "octets", for being usual at that time the bytes composed of eight bits). 1821-1834: Differential Machine, logarithmic calculator machine for polynomes of up to eight terms, using numbering base of ten, by Charles Babbage, according to his own theory of 1812. Tentatively built between 1821-1834 but never finished, it exists a modified version built between 1840-1854 and a perfected version built between 1859-1860, both by Pehr Georg Scheutz.

Universal Robots. 1930: Differential Analyser, analogue computer for solving equations, using numbering base of ten, by Vannevar Bush (Massachussetts Institute of Technology). 1937-1943: Harvard Mark I, electro-mechanic computer using magnetic relais, perforated cardboard cards and numbering base of ten, operational in 1943 and presented to the public in 1944, by the group of Howard Aiken (Harvard University and International Business Machines), with support of the United States Navy. The first operational electro mechanic computers were built by Konrad Zuse in 1936-1938, by Howard Aiken in 1937-1943, and by Alan Mathison Turing with Max Newman in 1941-1942. The first electronic computers were tentatively built by John Atanasoff with Clifford Berry in 1937-1942, although they were never finished by them. 1610-1614: Mirifici Logarithmorum Canoni Descriptio (Marvellous Description of Logarithmic Rules), logarithmic tables for multiplying, dividing, raising to power or extracting root, by John Napier (1550-1617). They took four years of fastidious calculations by pencil and paper, but they were only published in 1644, thirty years after their completion and twenty-seven after the death of Mister Napier.